Comparative Effects of Low- and High-Intensity Exercise on Shoulder Joint Function, Stability, and Injury Risk: A Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction: Shoulder dysfunction is prevalent and frequently managed through exercise, but the effect of exercise intensity its effects are still uncertain. This review explored the effects of low, moderate, and high intensities on biomechanics, pain, and functionality in healthy people, athletes, and individuals with shoulder issues.

Methods: A comprehensive review encompassing 45 studies conducted between 2000 and 2025 was performed. The studies were categorized based on the type of population and exercise intensity, with results combined for strength, flexibility, neuromuscular coordination, and injury prevention.

Results: Low- to moderate-intensity exercise proved most beneficial for rehabilitation, especially for conditions like rotator cuff issues, subacromial pain, and adhesive capsulitis. It improved mobility, reduced pain, and enhanced function without overloading the joints. In athletes, programs focusing on high loads and proprioception improved performance and lowered the risk of injuries, while too much loading led to increased instability. For healthy individuals, using moderate loads maximizes muscle activation and control without causing excessive stress.

Discussion: Research suggests that training intensity must be tailored to specific populations. Rehabilitation is most effective with low to-moderate loads, whereas athletes might need to engage in higher intensities within regulated environments. Important gaps in research are the absence of long-term studies, few comparisons between different intensities, and a lack of distinction based on sex, age, and occupation.

Conclusion: The intensity of exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining shoulder health. For rehabilitation, using low to moderate weights is best, whereas appropriately managed heavier weights can be advantageous for athletes. Future research should emphasize long-term results and uniform biomechanical assessments to develop evidence-based guidelines.